Most Recent Articles Published on Neurotechnology

These articles are generated by an RSS Feed from Pubmed.  WCNeurotech are not responsible for the content of any external links which may be included in the feed.

EEG auditory steady state responses classification for the novel BCI.

Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011 Aug;2011:4576-9

Authors: Higashi H, Rutkowski TM, Washizawa Y, Cichocki A, Tanaka T

Abstract
An auditory modality brain computer interface (BCI) is a novel and interesting paradigm in neurotechnology applications. The paper presents a concept of auditory steady state responses (ASSR) utilization for the novel BCI paradigm. Two EEG feature extraction approaches based on a bandpass filtering and an AR spectrum estimation are tested together with two classification schemes in order to validate the proposed auditory BCI paradigm. The resulting good classification scores of users intentional choices, of attending or not to the presented stimuli, support the hypothesis of the ASSR stimuli validity for a solid BCI paradigm.

PMID: 22255356 [PubMed - in process]

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, deep brain stimulation and personal identity: Ethical questions, and neuroethical approaches for medical practice.

Int Rev Psychiatry. 2011 Oct;23(5):476-85

Authors: Jotterand F, Giordano J

Abstract
Neurotechnology provides means to engage micro- and macrostructural networks of the brain to both mitigate the manifestations of several neurological and psychiatric disorders, and alter cognition and motoric activity. Such capacity also generates questions of how these interventions may affect personal identity. This paper discusses the ethical implications regarding changes to personal identity that arise from the therapeutic use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS) technologies. In addition, we raise the question of whether changes in personal identity, as a side effect of these interventions, are ethically acceptable and whether such alterations of personality foster patients' sense of well-being and autonomy. First, we provide a series of case vignettes that afford an overview of the ways that various neurological interventions can affect personal identity. Second, we offer a brief working definition of personal identity in order to delineate an ethical framework that we deem necessary for the responsible use of neurostimulation technologies. In so doing, we argue that neurostimulation therapy, as a doctoring act, should be directed, and adherent to goals of restoring and/or preserving patients' personal identity. To this end, we offer an ethical framework that we believe enables sound decisions about the right and good use of TMS and DBS.

PMID: 22200137 [PubMed - in process]

Ethical Implications of Neuroimaging in Sports Concussion.

J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2011 Sep 2;

Authors: Valerio J, Illes J

Abstract
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 1.6 to 3.8 million traumatic brain injuries that occur each year are related to sports injuries. New research has broadened the understanding of the acute and chronic pathophysiology of concussion associated with brain injury, and recent advances in diagnostic capabilities with neuroimaging are leading to new ethical questions around sport and care of the head-injured athlete. In this review, we synthesize the current literature on neuroimaging for assessing concussed athletes and explore ethical issues in the context of return to play, short- and long-term neurologic health effects following concussion and resource allocation that are emerging with new implications as neurotechnology becomes an increasingly powerful tool on the playing field of health.

PMID: 21897290 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Neuroscience and nanotechnologies in Japan--beyond the hope and hype of converging technologies.

J Int Bioethique. 2011 Mar-Jun;22(1):91-7, 210-1

Authors: Mushiaki S

Abstract
Nanotechnologies are often said to be "converging" with other technologies like biotechnology, information technology, and cognitive science. And so-called "NBIC convergence" is thought to enable "enhancement" of human performance. First, I classify various kinds of enhancement. Second, I focus on the "cybernetic enhancement," to which nanotechnologies are supposed to contribute, and analyze the connection and integration of humans with machines, which could lead to the cyborgization of human beings. Third, I examine the portrayal of robot/cyborg technology in Japanese popular media, point out the tendency to empathy or ensoulment concerning robots/cyborgs, and raise the question of "ethical issues of ethical enhancement." Fourth, I compare nanotechnologies with neurotechnology and criticize the hype of "converging technologies."

PMID: 21850971 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Enhanced performance by a hybrid NIRS-EEG brain computer interface.

Neuroimage. 2012 Jan 2;59(1):519-29

Authors: Fazli S, Mehnert J, Steinbrink J, Curio G, Villringer A, Müller KR, Blankertz B

Abstract
Noninvasive Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI) have been promoted to be used for neuroprosthetics. However, reports on applications with electroencephalography (EEG) show a demand for a better accuracy and stability. Here we investigate whether near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can be used to enhance the EEG approach. In our study both methods were applied simultaneously in a real-time Sensory Motor Rhythm (SMR)-based BCI paradigm, involving executed movements as well as motor imagery. We tested how the classification of NIRS data can complement ongoing real-time EEG classification. Our results show that simultaneous measurements of NIRS and EEG can significantly improve the classification accuracy of motor imagery in over 90% of considered subjects and increases performance by 5% on average (p<0:01). However, the long time delay of the hemodynamic response may hinder an overall increase of bit-rates. Furthermore we find that EEG and NIRS complement each other in terms of information content and are thus a viable multimodal imaging technique, suitable for BCI.

PMID: 21840399 [PubMed - in process]

A performance study of the wavelet-phase stability (WPS) in auditory selective attention.

Brain Res Bull. 2011 Aug 10;86(1-2):110-7

Authors: Low YF, Strauss DJ

Abstract
Large-scale neural correlates of auditory selective attention reflected in the electroencephalogram (EEG) have been identified by using the complex wavelet-phase stability measure (WPS). In this paper, we study the feasibility of using this amplitude independent measure, the WPS in extracting the correlates of attention by comparing its performance to the widely used linear interdependency measures, i.e., the wavelet coherence and the correlation coefficient. The outcome reveals that the WPS outperforms the other two measures in discriminating both the attended and unattended single sweep auditory late responses (ALRs). It is concluded that the proposed WPS provides a faster (in terms of less sweeps which are required) and robust objective quantification of selective attention.

PMID: 21756985 [PubMed - in process]

Real-time measurement of face recognition in rapid serial visual presentation.

Front Psychol. 2011;2:42

Authors: Touryan J, Gibson L, Horne JH, Weber P

Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) have been used extensively to study the processes involved in recognition memory. In particular, the early familiarity component of recognition has been linked to the FN400 (mid-frontal negative deflection between 300 and 500?ms), whereas the recollection component has been linked to a later positive deflection over the parietal cortex (500-800?ms). In this study, we measured the ERPs elicited by faces with varying degrees of familiarity. Participants viewed a continuous sequence of faces with either low (novel faces), medium (celebrity faces), or high (faces of friends and family) familiarity while performing a separate face-identification task. We found that the level of familiarity was significantly correlated with the magnitude of both the early and late recognition components. Additionally, by using a single-trial classification technique, applied to the entire evoked response, we were able to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar faces with a high degree of accuracy. The classification of high versus low familiarly resulted in areas under the curve of up to 0.99 for some participants. Interestingly, our classifier model (a linear discriminant function) was developed using a completely separate object categorization task on a different population of participants.

PMID: 21716601 [PubMed]

"This is Why you've Been Suffering": Reflections of Providers on Neuroimaging in Mental Health Care.

J Bioeth Inq. 2011 Mar 1;8(1):15-25

Authors: Borgelt E, Buchman DZ, Illes J

Abstract
Mental health care providers increasingly confront challenges posed by the introduction of new neurotechnology into the clinic, but little is known about the impact of such capabilities on practice patterns and relationships with patients. To address this important gap, we sought providers' perspectives on the potential clinical translation of functional neuroimaging for prediction and diagnosis of mental illness. We conducted 32 semi-structured telephone interviews with mental health care providers representing psychiatry, psychology, family medicine, and allied mental health. Our results suggest that mental health providers have begun to re-conceptualize mental illness with a neuroscience gaze. They report an epistemic commitment to the value of a brain scan to provide a meaningful explanation of mental illness for their clients. If functional neuroimaging continues along its projected trajectory to translation, providers will ultimately have to negotiate its role in mental health. Their perspectives, therefore, enrich bioethical discourse surrounding neurotechnology and inform the translational pathway.

PMID: 21572566 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Physical activity, calcium intake and childhood bone mineral: a population-based cross-sectional study.

Osteoporos Int. 2011 May 12;

Authors: Harvey NC, Cole ZA, Crozier SR, Kim M, Ntani G, Goodfellow L, Robinson SM, Inskip HM, Godfrey KM, Dennison EM, Wareham N, Ekelund U, Cooper C,

Abstract
In a free-living cohort of 4-year old children, mean daily time in moderate-vigorous physical activity and daily calcium intake at 3 years, were positively related to hip bone size and density. Relationships between physical activity and bone indices were stronger when calcium intake was above compared with below median (966 mg/day). INTRODUCTION: We examined the cross-sectional relationships between childhood physical activity, dietary calcium intake and bone size and density. METHODS: Children aged 4 years were recruited from the Southampton Women's Survey. They underwent measurement of bone mass by DXA (Hologic Discovery). Physical activity was assessed by accelerometry (Actiheart, Cambridge Neurotechnology Ltd, Cambridge, UK) for seven continuous days. RESULTS: Four hundred twenty-two children (212 boys) participated. In a cross-sectional analysis, after adjusting for gender, daily mean time(minutes per day) spent in moderate to very vigorous activity (MVPA) was positively related to hip BA (R (2)?=?3%, p?<?0.001), BMC (R (2)?=?4%, p?<?0.001), aBMD (R (2)?=?3%, p?=?0.001) and estimated vBMD (R (2)?=?2%, p?=?0.01), but not height (r (s)?=?0.04, p?=?0.42) or weight (r (s)?=?0.01, p?=?0.76). Mean daily calcium intake (assessed at 3 years old) positively predicted bone indices in those with a calcium intake below the median (966 mg/day), but there was a much attenuated relationship in those above this. These associations persisted after inclusion of total energy, protein and phosphorus in multivariate models. The relationships between MVPA and bone indices were stronger in children with calcium intakes above the median. Thus, for aBMD, the variance explained by MVPA when daily calcium intake was below the median was 2% (p?=?0.1) and above median was 6% (p?=?0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results support the notion that adequate calcium intake may be required for optimal action of physical activity on bone development and that improving levels of physical activity and calcium intake in childhood may help to optimise accrual of bone mass.

PMID: 21562877 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

ETHICAL CONCERNS REGARDING COMMERCIALIZATION OF DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION FOR OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER.

Bioethics. 2011 Apr 29;

Authors: Erickson-Davis C

Abstract
The United States Food and Drug Administration's recent approval of the commercial use of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) as a treatment for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) will be discussed within the context of the existing USA regulatory framework. The purpose will be to illustrate the current lack of regulation and oversight of the DBS market, which has resulted in the violation of basic ethical norms. The discussion will focus on: 1) the lack of available evidence on procedural safety and efficacy, 2) the numerous conflicts of interest held by research investigators, and 3) the ambiguity of both aforementioned categories due to an inherent lack of transparency in the research. It is argued that in order to address these issues, ethical analyses of DBS for psychiatric disorders must include the role of the industry forces that have become the primary impetus for this research. As such, DBS for OCD serves as an important case example in studies of neurotechnology and innovative surgery.

PMID: 21535063 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

?(1)-penalized linear mixed-effects models for high dimensional data with application to BCI.

Neuroimage. 2011 Jun 15;56(4):2100-8

Authors: Fazli S, Danóczy M, Schelldorfer J, Müller KR

Abstract
Recently, a novel statistical model has been proposed to estimate population effects and individual variability between subgroups simultaneously, by extending Lasso methods. We will for the first time apply this so-called ?(1)-penalized linear regression mixed-effects model for a large scale real world problem: we study a large set of brain computer interface data and through the novel estimator are able to obtain a subject-independent classifier that compares favorably with prior zero-training algorithms. This unifying model inherently compensates shifts in the input space attributed to the individuality of a subject. In particular we are now for the first time able to differentiate within-subject and between-subject variability. Thus a deeper understanding both of the underlying statistical and physiological structures of the data is gained.

PMID: 21463695 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

The shifting architectonics of pain medicine: toward ethical realignment of scientific, medical and market values for the emerging global community--groundwork for policy.

Pain Med. 2011 Mar;12(3):406-14

Authors: Giordano J, Benedikter R

Abstract
Following the Second Industrial Revolution, Western medicine has become an interwoven enterprise of humanitarian and technologic values. In this essay, we posited that rather than being seen as a means toward achieving the ends of providing technically right and morally sound pain care, the resources and goods of pain medicine have been subordinated to a market-based values system that regards these tools as ends unto themselves. We argued that this approach is 1) pragmatically inapt, in that it fails to acknowledge and provide those tools as rightly necessary for the "good" of pain medicine to be enacted; and is therefore 2) morally unsound, in that the good, while recognized, is not afforded, thereby disserving the fiduciary of science/technology, medicine, and economics. We framed these issues within 1) the context(s) and effects of postmodernism and 2) the increasing call for a globally relevant and applicable system of pain care. Toward this latter end, we addressed how policies can be created that accommodate differing social values, and still enable the execution of care in ways that are morally sound, yet economically viable. We posited that such policies need to be finely grained so as to 1) sustain research in pain diagnosis, assessment, treatment, and management; 2) translate research efforts into clinically relevant resources; 3) enable availability and just distribution of both low- and high-tech resources; and 4) prompt fiscal programs that support, allow, and reinforce responsible choice (of such resources) as socioculturally required, valued, and valid.

PMID: 21332927 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Treatment of central sensitization in patients with 'unexplained' chronic pain: what options do we have?

Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2011 May;12(7):1087-98

Authors: Nijs J, Meeus M, Van Oosterwijck J, Roussel N, De Kooning M, Ickmans K, Matic M

Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Central sensitization accounts for chronic 'unexplained' pain in a wide variety of disorders, including chronic whiplash-associated disorders, temporomandibular disorders, chronic low back pain, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and chronic tension-type headache among others. Given the increasing evidence supporting the clinical significance of central sensitization in those with unexplained chronic pain, the awareness is growing that central sensitization should be a treatment target in these patients. AREAS COVERED: This article provides an overview of the treatment options available for desensitizing the CNS in patients with chronic pain due to central sensitization. It focuses on those strategies that specifically target pathophysiological mechanisms known to be involved in central sensitization. In addition, pharmacological options, rehabilitation and neurotechnology options are discussed. EXPERT OPINION: Acetaminophen, serotonin-reuptake inhibitor drugs, selective and balanced serototin and norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitor drugs, the serotonin precursor tryptophan, opioids, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonists, calcium-channel alpha(2)delta (a2?) ligands, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS), manual therapy and stress management each target central pain processing mechanisms in animals that - theoretically - desensitize the CNS in humans. To provide a comprehensive treatment for 'unexplained' chronic pain disorders characterized by central sensitization, it is advocated to combine the best evidence available with treatment modalities known to target central sensitization.

PMID: 21254866 [PubMed - in process]

Closing the loop between neurons and neurotechnology.

Front Neurosci. 2010;4

Authors: Potter SM

PMID: 20859449 [PubMed]

Inhibition of neuronal cell-cell adhesion measured by the microscopic aggregation assay and impedance sensing.

J Neural Eng. 2010 Oct;7(5):056003

Authors: Wiertz RW, Marani E, Rutten WL

Abstract
Microscopic aggregation assay and impedance sensing (IS) were used to monitor a change in in vitro neuron-neuron adhesion in response to blocking of cell adhesion molecules. By blocking neuron-neuron adhesion, migration and aggregation of neuronal cells can be inhibited. This leads to better control of spatial arrangement of cells in culture. In the literature N-CAM, L1 and N-cadherin proteins are pointed out as main regulators of neuronal adhesion. In this study, these three main cell adhesion molecules were used to inhibit neuron-to-neuron adhesion and aggregation. Both soluble extracellular domains and antigen antibodies were added to these adhesion molecules. They were investigated for their blocking ability in neuronal cultures. First, in a 96 h aggregation assay on a low-adhesive substrate, the effect of inhibition of the three proteins on aggregation of cortical neurons was investigated optically. Both L1 antibody and L1 protein had no effect on the degree of aggregation. An N-cadherin antibody however was shown to be effective in aggregation inhibition at concentrations of 1 and 3 µg ml(-1). Up to 96 h no aggregation occurred. A similar effect was achieved by the N-cadherin protein, although less distinct. N-CAM blocking revealed no inhibition of aggregation. Second, results from IS corresponded to those of the aggregation assays. In these experiments neuron-neuron adhesion was also inhibited by blocking N-CAM L1 and N-cadherin. Cortical neurons were cultured in small wells containing circular 100 µm diameter gold electrodes, so small changes in cell-cell interactions in monolayers of neurons could be monitored by IS. Impedances of neuron-covered electrodes were significantly lower in the presence of the N-cadherin antibody and protein at concentrations of 1, 3 and 10 µg ml(-1), indicating a less profound binding between adjacent neurons. Results from the aggregation assays and impedance measurements demonstrate the applicability of blocking cell adhesion molecules for inhibition of cell-cell adhesion and aggregation.

PMID: 20811090 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Pain assessment: subjectivity, objectivity, and the use of neurotechnology.

Pain Physician. 2010 Jul-Aug;13(4):305-15

Authors: Giordano J, Abramson K, Boswell MV

Abstract
The pain clinician is confronted with the formidable task of objectifying the subjective phenomenon of pain so as to determine the right treatments for both the pain syndrome and the patient in whom the pathology is expressed. However, the experience of pain - and its expression - remains enigmatic. Can currently available evaluative tools, questionnaires, and scales actually provide adequately objective information about the experiential dimensions of pain? Can, or will, current and future iterations of biotechnology - whether used singularly or in combination (with other technologies as well as observational-behavioral methods) - afford objective validation of pain? And what of the clinical, ethical, legal and social issues that arise in and from the use - and potential misuse - of these approaches? Subsequent trajectories of clinical care depend upon the findings gained through the use of these techniques and their inappropriate employment - or misinterpretation of the results they provide - can lead to misdiagnoses and incorrect treatment. This essay is the first of a two-part series that explicates how the intellectual tasks of knowing about pain and the assessment of its experience and expression in the pain patient are constituent to the moral responsibility of pain medicine. Herein, we discuss the problem of pain and its expression, and those methods, techniques, and technologies available to bridge the gap between subjective experience and objective evaluation. We address how these assessment approaches are fundamental to apprehend both pain as an objective, neurological event, and its impact upon the subjective experience, existence, and expectations of the person in pain. In this way, we argue that the right use of technology - together with inter-subjectivity, compassion, and insight - can sustain the good of pain care as both a therapeutic and moral enterprise.

PMID: 20648198 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Contemporary neuroscience in the media.

Soc Sci Med. 2010 Aug;71(4):725-33

Authors: Racine E, Waldman S, Rosenberg J, Illes J

Abstract
Technological innovations in neuroscience have opened new windows to the understanding of brain function and the neuronal underpinnings of brain activity in neuropsychiatric disorders and social behavior. Public interest and support for neuroscience research through initiatives like the Decade of the Brain project and increasingly diverse brain-related initiatives have created new interfaces between neuroscience and society. Against this backdrop of dynamic innovation, we set out to examine how different features of neuroscience are depicted in print media. We used the 'guided news' function of the LexisNexis Academic database with keyword searches to find news articles published between 1995 and 2004 in major U.S. and U.K. English-language news sources. We performed searches on headlines, lead paragraphs, and body terms to maximize search yields. All articles were coded for overall tone of coverage, details on reported studies, presence of ethical, legal, and social discussion as well as the emerging interpretations of neuroscience - in the form of neuro-essentialism, neuro-realism, and neuro-policy. We found that print media coverage of the use of neurotechnology for diagnosis or therapy in neuropsychiatric disorders was generally optimistic. We also found that, even within articles that were identified as research reports, many did not provide details about research studies. We also gained additional insights into the previously identified phenomena of neuro-essentialism, neuro-realism, and neuro-policy showing some profound impacts of neuroscience on personal identity and policy-making. Our results highlight the implications of transfer of neuroscience knowledge to society given the substantial and authoritative weight ascribed to neuroscience knowledge in defining who we are. We also discuss the impact of these findings on neuroscience and on the respective contributions of the social sciences and the biological sciences in contemporary psychiatry and mental health policy.

PMID: 20609506 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Minding the aging brain: technology-enabled cognitive training for healthy elders.

Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2010 Sep;10(5):374-80

Authors: Steinerman JR

Abstract
Cognitive training refers to theory-driven behavioral intervention, ideally supported by a strong conceptual framework and specified neurocognitive mechanisms. Within this field, neurotechnology promises many advantages, and a growing literature establishes technology-enabled cognitive training as a promising modality to promote positive cognition in consumer, research, clinical, and public health settings. Methodologic challenges remain, and specific cognitive training recommendations for healthy elders must be tentative in the context of an emerging evidence base.

PMID: 20544402 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Bifurcating microchannels as a scaffold to induce separation of regenerating neurites.

J Neural Eng. 2010 Feb;7(1):16001

Authors: Wieringa PA, Wiertz RW, de Weerd E, Rutten WL

Abstract
Many neural interfacing strategies, such as the sieve electrode and the cultured probe, rely on neurite growth to establish neural contact. But this growth is subject to natural fasciculation, compromising the effectiveness of these interfacing strategies by reducing potential selectivity. This in vitro study shows that the fasciculation mechanism can be manipulated by providing an appropriate microchannel scaffold to guide and influence growth, thereby achieving a high degree of selectivity. The microchannels employed have a bifurcation from a primary channel into two secondary channels. This bifurcating microstructure was able to support and promote fasciculated growth over 70% of the time for microchannels widths of 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 microm. Fasciculation is shown to be a strong force during ingrowth, with the initiation of neurite separation related to random spatial exploration. Narrower microchannels initiate separated growth better. Once separated growth starts fasciculation results in an even distribution of neurite growth across the bifurcation. The reduction from 20 microm to 10 microm wide channels also resulted in a 3-fold decrease in ingrowing neurites performing 180 degrees turns to exit the microchannel via the entrance. No neurite turning was observed for both the 5 and 2.5 microm wide channels.

PMID: 20054102 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Listening to Brain Microcircuits for Interfacing With External World-Progress in Wireless Implantable Microelectronic Neuroengineering Devices: Experimental systems are described for electrical recording in the brain using multiple microelectrodes and short range implantable or wearable broadcasting units.

Proc IEEE Inst Electr Electron Eng. 2010;98(3):375-388

Authors: Nurmikko AV, Donoghue JP, Hochberg LR, Patterson WR, Song YK, Bull CW, Borton DA, Laiwalla F, Park S, Ming Y, Aceros J

Abstract
Acquiring neural signals at high spatial and temporal resolution directly from brain microcircuits and decoding their activity to interpret commands and/or prior planning activity, such as motion of an arm or a leg, is a prime goal of modern neurotechnology. Its practical aims include assistive devices for subjects whose normal neural information pathways are not functioning due to physical damage or disease. On the fundamental side, researchers are striving to decipher the code of multiple neural microcircuits which collectively make up nature's amazing computing machine, the brain. By implanting biocompatible neural sensor probes directly into the brain, in the form of microelectrode arrays, it is now possible to extract information from interacting populations of neural cells with spatial and temporal resolution at the single cell level. With parallel advances in application of statistical and mathematical techniques tools for deciphering the neural code, extracted populations or correlated neurons, significant understanding has been achieved of those brain commands that control, e.g., the motion of an arm in a primate (monkey or a human subject). These developments are accelerating the work on neural prosthetics where brain derived signals may be employed to bypass, e.g., an injured spinal cord. One key element in achieving the goals for practical and versatile neural prostheses is the development of fully implantable wireless microelectronic "brain-interfaces" within the body, a point of special emphasis of this paper.

PMID: 21654935 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Implantable brain computer interface: challenges to neurotechnology translation.

Neurobiol Dis. 2010 Jun;38(3):369-75

Authors: Konrad P, Shanks T

Abstract
This article reviews three concepts related to implantable brain computer interface (BCI) devices being designed for human use: neural signal extraction primarily for motor commands, signal insertion to restore sensation, and technological challenges that remain. A significant body of literature has occurred over the past four decades regarding motor cortex signal extraction for upper extremity movement or computer interface. However, little is discussed regarding postural or ambulation command signaling. Auditory prosthesis research continues to represent the majority of literature on BCI signal insertion. Significant hurdles continue in the technological translation of BCI implants. These include developing a stable neural interface, significantly increasing signal processing capabilities, and methods of data transfer throughout the human body. The past few years, however, have provided extraordinary human examples of BCI implant potential. Despite technological hurdles, proof-of-concept animal and human studies provide significant encouragement that BCI implants may well find their way into mainstream medical practice in the foreseeable future.

PMID: 20035870 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Neuropsychotherapy: conceptual, empirical and neuroethical issues.

Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009 Nov;259 Suppl 2:S173-82

Authors: Walter H, Berger M, Schnell K

Abstract
In this article we suggest a working definition for the concept of "neuropsychotherapy" encompassing three areas: the identification of mediators and targets of psychotherapeutic effects, the determination of new therapeutic routes using neurotechnology, and the design of psychotherapeutic interventions based on neuroscientific knowledge. We review neuroimaging studies of the psychotherapy of depression and discuss some of the methodological limitations inherent in functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and common fallacies perpetrated in interpreting fMRI studies. Finally, we discuss some neuroethical issues related to this new and active field of research. In sum, we argue that neuroscience harbors great potential and add-on value for improving psychotherapeutic practice and research if applied properly.

PMID: 19876676 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

A new ethics of psychiatry: neuroethics, neuroscience, and technology.

J Psychiatr Pract. 2009 Sep;15(5):391-401

Authors: Cheung EH

Abstract
Neuroethics is a new subset of bioethics that addresses ethical issues pertaining to the brain, primarily in the fields of neuroscience, cognitive science, and neuroradiology. Research in brain science is progressing at a phenomenal rate and, as a result, the acquisition and application of knowledge and technology raises ethical questions of a practical and philosophical nature. While neuroethics is developing as a distinct field of study, one area that should be addressed in greater depth is the relevance and potential impact of neurotechnology in psychiatry. New knowledge in the mind-brain conundrum and increasingly sophisticated techniques for imaging and intervening in human cognition, emotion, and behavior pose ethical issues at the intersection of technology and psychiatry. This article presents a broad survey of the new directions in neuroethics, neuroscience, and technology and considers the implications of technological advances for the practice of psychiatry in the new millennium. (Journal of Psychiatric Practice 2009;15:391-401).

PMID: 19820555 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

The inhibition of neuronal calcium ion channels by trace levels of yttrium released from carbon nanotubes.

Biomaterials. 2009 Oct;30(31):6351-7

Authors: Jakubek LM, Marangoudakis S, Raingo J, Liu X, Lipscombe D, Hurt RH

Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used with increasing frequency in neuroengineering applications. CNT scaffolds are used to transmit electrical stimulation to cultured neurons and to control outgrowth and branching patterns of neurites. CNTs have been reported to disrupt normal neuronal function including alterations in endocytotic capability and inhibition of ion channels. Calcium ion channels regulate numerous neuronal and cellular functions including endo and exocytosis, neurite outgrowth, and gene expression. Strong CNT interactions with neuronal calcium ion channels would have profound biological implications. Here we show that physiological solutions containing CNTs inhibit neuronal voltage-gated calcium ion channels in a dose-dependent and CNT sample-dependent manner with IC50 as low as 1.2 microg/ml. Importantly, we demonstrate that the inhibitory activity does not involve tubular graphene as previously reported, but rather very low concentrations of soluble yttrium released from the nanotube growth catalyst. Cationic yttrium potently inhibits calcium ion channel function with an inhibitory efficacy, IC50, of 0.07 ppm w/w. Because of this potency, unpurified and even some reportedly "purified" CNT samples contain sufficient bioavailable yttrium to inhibit channel function. Our results have important implications for emerging nano-neurotechnology and highlight the critical role that trace components can play in the biological response to complex nanomaterials.

PMID: 19698989 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Conference report: the Nour Foundation Georgetown University & Blackfriars Hall,Oxford University Symposium Series Technology, Neuroscience & the Nature of Being: Considerations of Meaning, Morality and Transcendence part I: The Paradox of Neurotechnology 8 May 2009.

Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2009;4:9

Authors: Palchik G

Abstract
This reviews the first of a tripartite symposia series dealing with novel neuroscientific technologies, the nature of consciousness and being, and the questions that arise from such interactions. The event took place on May 8 2009, at Georgetown University, and brought together ten leading figures on fields ranging from Neuroscience and Robotics to Philosophy, that commented on their research and provided ethical, moral and practical insight and perspectives into how these technologies can shape the future of neuroscientific and human development, as well as denoting the potential abuses and the best way to proceed about them.

PMID: 19615065 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

The future of neurotechnology innovation.

Epilepsy Behav. 2009 Jun;15(2):120-2

Authors: Lynch Z

Abstract
Advances across several areas of neurotechnology research including stem cells treatments, new imaging technologies, drug delivery technologies and novel neuromodulation platforms promise to accelerate the development of treatments and cures for brain-related illnesses.

PMID: 19328869 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Initial surgical experience with a dense cortical microarray in epileptic patients undergoing craniotomy for subdural electrode implantation.

Neurosurgery. 2009 Mar;64(3):540-5; discussion 545

Authors: Waziri A, Schevon CA, Cappell J, Emerson RG, McKhann GM, Goodman RR

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Detailed investigations of cortical physiology require the ability to record brain electrical activity at a submillimeter scale. Standard intracranial electrodes result in significant averaging of potentials generated by large numbers of neurons. In contrast, microelectrode arrays allow for recording of local field potentials and single-unit activity. We describe our initial surgical experience with the NeuroPort microelectrode array (Cyberkinetics Neurotechnology Systems, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT) in a series of patients undergoing subdural electrode implantation for epilepsy monitoring.
METHODS: Seven patients were implanted with and underwent semichronic recording from the NeuroPort array during standard subdural electrode monitoring for epilepsy. The electrode was placed according to company specifications in putative noneloquent epileptogenic cortex. After the monitoring period, microelectrode arrays were removed during explantation of subdural electrodes and resection of epileptogenic tissue.
RESULTS: Successful implantation of the microelectrode array was achieved in all patients, with minor operative difficulties. Robust and durable local field potentials and single-unit recordings were obtained from all implanted individuals. Implantation times ranged from 3 to 28 days; histological analysis of implanted tissue demonstrated no significant tissue injury or inflammatory response. There were no neurological complications or infections associated with electrode implantation or prolonged monitoring. Two patients developed postresection issues with wound healing at the site of scalp egress, with 1 requiring operative wound revision.
CONCLUSION: Our experience demonstrates that semichronic microelectroencephalographic recording can be safely and effectively achieved using the NeuroPort microarray. Although significant tissue injury, infection, or cerebrospinal fluid leak was not encountered, the large profile of the connection pedestal resulted in suboptimal wound closure and healing in several patients. We predict that this problem will be easily addressed in second-generation devices.

PMID: 19240617 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Stratified active screening: where neurotechnology meets public health.

MEDICC Rev. 2009 Jan;11(1):7-10

Authors: Valdés P, Obrador-Fragoso A

Abstract
Nearly one quarter of the global burden of disease stems from neurological, psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders due to malformations or dysfunctions of the central nervous system.[1] Such neuropsychiatric conditions influence quality of life worldwide, causing one third of years lost due to disability (YDL).[2] Ranging from congenital conditions to dementias of the elderly, these disorders appear throughout the life cycle and also account for a substantial proportion of mortality. Recent advances in neuroimaging and neuroinformatics have opened the way for early identification of dysfunctional brain networks, providing essential information for the early detection, proper diagnosis, treatment selection, and follow-up of people with disabilities due to brain disorders.

PMID: 21483319 [PubMed - in process]

Implantable nano-neurotechnological devices: consideration of ethical, legal, and social issues and implications.

J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2009;19(1):83-93

Authors: Giordano J, Akhouri R, McBride D

Abstract
Over the past decades, there has been considerable progress in the capability and application(s) of technology in the neurosciences. The tools of neurotechnology conjoin advances made in other disciplines, including nanoscience, to offer somewhat unique properties and capabilities that affect multiple dimensions of neural systems via implantable devices that afford articulation and manipulation at the subcellular scale. However, while striving for good, it is equally important to regard potential to generate major ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that arise in, and from the study and applications of implantable nano-neurotechnologies. This paper discusses specific properties and uses of various nano-neurotechnologies, and addresses proximate and distal ELSI. We argue that the fusion of nano- and neuroscience and technologies give rise to unique risks and burdens, but posit that a frank precautionary principle might be unrealistic given the demiurge of progress. Rather, we call for a dialectical approach that balances technological incentives with responsibility for inquiry, application, and consequences, and advocate that potential ELSI must be appreciated early and throughout the research and development process.

PMID: 20402632 [PubMed - in process]

Neurotechnology. Engineering a fix for broken nervous systems.

Science. 2008 Nov 7;322(5903):847

Authors: Miller G

PMID: 18988820 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Page Last Updated : 23-11-2011